Beneficios clínicos y de costos de un modelo de estandarización en el manejo de la apendicitis aguda / Clinical and cost benefits of a standardization model in the managementof acute appendicitis

Introducción. La apendicitis aguda es la patología quirúrgica más frecuente en Colombia y en el mundo, con un riesgo de presentación del 7-8 % en la población general. El tratamiento de elección es la apendicectomía, la cual puede realizarse por vía convencional o por vía laparoscópica. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los desenlaces clínicos y costos de un modelo de estandarización en el manejo de la apendicitis aguda versus la no estandarización. Métodos. Estudio observacional, analítico, para comparar el manejo de atención estandarizado y no estandarizado. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años, que ingresaron al servicio de urgencias con diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda en el período de enero de 2016 a diciembre de 2018, y quienes fueron llevados a apendicectomía convencional o laparoscópica en la institución. Resultados. Se incluyeron 1392pacientes, 591 que cumplieron los criterios del modelo estandarizado y 801 que cumplieron los criterios del modelo no estandarizado. Al comparar los procesos de estandarización y no estandarización, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los resultados crudos de estancia hospitalaria y costos totales. En los estimativos ajustados por variables de confusión no se encontraron diferencias en los costos totales. Discusión. El modelo de estandarización demostró una disminución en los días de hospitalización. No encontró diferencias en términos de costos totales

Introduction. Acute appendicitis is the most frequent surgical pathology in Colombia and in the world, with a risk of presentation of 7-8% in the general population. The treatment of choice is appendectomy, which can be performed conventionally or laparoscopically. The objective of this study is to compare the clinical outcomes and costs of a standardization model in the management of acute appendicitis.Methods. Observational, analytical study to compare standardized versus non-standardized care management. Patients older than 18 years, who were admitted to the emergency department with a diagnosis of acute appendicitis in the period from January 2016 to December 2018 and underwent conventional or laparoscopic appendectomy at the institution were included. Results. 1392 patients were included; 591 met the criteria of the standardized model and 801 met the criteria of the non-standardized model. When comparing the standardization versus non-standardization processes, statistically significant differences were found in the hospital stay and total costs. In the estimates adjusted for confounding variables, no differences were found in total costs. Discussion. The standardization model showed a decrease in hospital length of stay. No differences were found in terms of total costs

Oximetry and neonatal examination for the detection of critical congenital heart disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Undiagnosed congenital heart disease in the prenatal stage can occur in approximately 5 to 15 out of 1000 live births; more than a quarter of these will have critical congenital heart disease (CCHD). Late postnatal diagnosis is associated with a worse prognosis during childhood, and there is evidence that a standardized measurement of oxygen saturation in the newborn by cutaneous oximetry is an optimal method for the detection of CCHD. We conducted a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis comparing the operational characteristics of oximetry and physical examination for the detection of CCHD. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted on the following databases including published studies between 2002 and 2017, with no language restrictions: Pubmed, Science Direct, Ovid, Scopus and EBSCO, with the following keywords: oximetry screening, critical congenital heart disease, newborn OR oximetry screening heart defects, congenital, specificity, sensitivity, physical examination. Results: A total of 419 articles were found, from which 69 were selected based on their titles and abstracts. After quality assessment, five articles were chosen for extraction of data according to inclusion criteria; data were analyzed on a sample of 404,735 newborns in the five included studies. The following values were found, corresponding to the operational characteristics of oximetry in combination with the physical examination: sensitivity: 0.92 (CI 95%, 0.87-0.95), specificity: 0.98 (CI 95%, 0.89-1.00), for physical examination alone sensitivity: 0.53 (CI 95%, 0.28-0.78) and specificity: 0.99 (CI 95%, 0.97-1.00). Conclusions: Evidence found in different articles suggests that pulse oximetry in addition to neonatal physical examination presents optimal operative characteristics that make it an adequate screening test for detection of CCHD in newborns, above all this is essential in low and middle-income settings where technology medical support is not entirely available.

Identification of clinically relevant phenotypes in patients with Ebstein anomaly.

BACKGROUND: Ebstein anomaly (EA) is a heterogeneous congenital heart defect (CHD), frequently accompanied by diverse cardiac and extracardiac comorbidities, resulting in a wide range of clinical outcomes. HYPOTHESIS: Phenotypic characterization of EA patients has the potential to identify variables that influence prognosis and subgroups with distinct contributing factors. METHODS: A comprehensive cross-sectional phenotypic characterization of 147 EA patients from one of the main referral institutions for CHD in Colombia was carried out. The most prevalent comorbidities and distinct subgroups within the patient cohort were identified through cluster analysis. RESULTS: The most prevalent cardiac comorbidities identified were atrial septal defect (61%), Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW; 27%), and right ventricular outflow tract obstruction (25%). Cluster analysis showed that patients can be classified into 2 distinct subgroups with defined phenotypes that determine disease severity and survival. Patients in cluster 1 represented a particularly homogeneous subgroup with a milder spectrum of disease, including only patients with WPW and/or supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Cluster 2 included patients with more diverse cardiovascular comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: This study represents one of the largest phenotypic characterizations of EA patients reported. The data show that EA is a heterogeneous disease, very frequently associated with cardiovascular and noncardiovascular comorbidities. Patients with WPW and SVT represent a homogeneous subgroup that presents with a less severe spectrum of disease and better survival when adequately managed. This should be considered when searching for genetic causes of EA and in the clinical setting.

Evaluación económica para Colombia de las principales intervenciones farmacológicas como monoterapia para el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial leve a moderada recién diagnosticada / Economic evaluation for Colombia of the main pharmacological interventions as monotherapy for the treatment of newly diagnosed mild to moderate hypertension

Objetivo: en el año 2012 se desarrolló para Colombia la guía de práctica clínica para manejo de la hipertensión arterial (HTA). Esta evaluación económica (EE) fue desarrollada para identificar la costo-efectividad de los diferentes tratamientos farmacológicos usados como monoterapia, y soportar las recomendaciones en la guía. Diseño: se simuló una cohorte de pacientes adultos, con diagnóstico de hipertensión arterial. La EE se basó en un modelo desarrollado para el National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) del Reino Unido. Este modelo fue adaptado para Colombia en consumo de recursos y costos. La efectividad de las intervenciones y probabilidades de transición fueron actualizadas para 2012. Resultados: los resultados del análisis del caso de referencia (hombre y mujer de 65 años, 2% de riesgo anual de enfermedad CV, 1% de falla cardiaca, 1.1% de diabetes, 20 años de seguimiento), mostraron que los años de vida ajustados por calidad (QALY) obtenidos con la terapia de diuréticos, inhibidores de enzima convertidora/bloqueadores del receptor de angiotensina (ACEi/ARB) y calcioantagonistas fue 9.24, 9.24 y 9.26, respectivamente. Los costos favorecen a los diuréticos (COP $6 498 624), en comparación con ACEi/ARB o calcioantagonistas (COP $13 178 919, y COP $27 774 098), respectivamente. La terapia con betabloqueadores y la no intervención fueron dominadas. Conclusiones: la opción de tratamiento con diuréticos tipo tiazidas como mono-terapia inicial es la más costo-efectiva. La principal diferencia entre las alternativas está dada especialmente por las diferencias en el costo de los medicamentos, ya que la efectividad es similar entre los tratamientos con diuréticos y ACEi/ARB, y sólo discretamente mejor con calcio-antagonistas. (Acta Med Colomb 2015; 40: 279-287).

Objective: in 2012 the guide of clinical practice for management of arterial hypertension (AHT) was developed for Colombia. This economic evaluation (EE) was developed to identify the cost effectiveness of different pharmacological treatments used as monotherapy, and to support the recommendations in the guidelines. Design: a cohort of adult patients with a diagnosis of hypertension was simulated. The EE was based on a model developed for the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) in the UK. This model was adapted for Colombia in resource consumption and costs. The effectiveness of interventions and transition probabilities were updated for 2012. Results: the results of the analysis of the reference case (man and woman of 65.2% annual risk of cardiovascular disease, 1% of heart failure, 1.1% of diabetes, 20 years of follow-up) showed that quality-adjusted life year (QALY) obtained with diuretic therapy, converting enzyme inhibitors / angiotensin receptor blockers (ACEi / ARB) and calcium antagonists was 9.24, 9.24 and 9.26, respectively. Costs favor diuretics (COP $6 498 624) compared with ACEi / ARB or calcium antagonists (COP $ 13 178 919 and $ 27 774 098 COP), respectively. Therapy with beta-blockers and non-intervention were dominated. Conclusions: the choice of treatment with thiazide-type diuretics as initial monotherapy is the most cost-effective. The main difference between alternatives is given especially by differences in drug costs, since the effectiveness is similar between treatments with diuretics and ACEi / ARB, and only slightly better with calcium antagonists. (Acta Med Colomb 2015; 40: 279-287).